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Вопрос
The primary origin of most rules of law is …
The development of new codes of law in various countries was influenced by …
The common law system in England began to develop in …
According to Salmond, law is defined as …
… is a historical document from 1217 that established limits on the powers of the king and laid the groundwork for individual legal rights and liberties.
… is a body of laws governing private rights and obligations, primarily derived from Roman law and codified statutes.
… is legal responsibility for one’s actions or failures to act, which may result in penalties, damages, or the obligation to compensate for harm caused.
Match the statements with its descriptions
Arrange the following influences on the development of law in chronological order:
Вопрос
A characteristic of common law systems is …
In civil law systems, the primary source of law is …
The purpose of legal norms is …
“Jurisprudence” refers to …
The judicial power belongs to … .
… is a popular assembly elected in the UK for a term of not more than 5 years by almost universal adult suffrage.
Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
Match the countries with their legal systems:
Match the key characteristics of continental law with examples:
The … is responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice is served.
Вопрос
The term “area of law” refers to …
Which of the following is NOT a common area of law?
An example of a source of national law is …
A key difference between international law and domestic law is …
Match the terms with their definitions:
Put the following steps in the correct order for a civil lawsuit:
Put the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:
The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as … law.
The body of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government is called … law.
… refers to ordinances and regulations enacted by local government entities, such as cities, towns, or counties.
Вопрос
The primary role of a barrister is …
A professional that typically has direct contact with clients is a …
Match each legal profession with the correct description:
Match each legal profession with the correct description:
Match each similar legal profession with its job description:
Put the steps in the correct order to become a practicing attorney:
Arrange series of events related to the legal profession in the correct chronological order:
… receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.
… have rights of audience in the higher courts.
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer: You are a junior associate at a law firm specializing in corporate law. Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a brief summary of an important legal concept that is frequently encountered in your practice area. Question: What important legal concept should a junior lawyer prepare for in their practice?
Вопрос
The highest court in England is the …
The purpose of a jury in a trial is …
Match the court process with its step:
Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order:
Match the court type with its function:
The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.
Originally, the jurors were neighbourhood … who passed judgment on the basis of what they themselves knew.
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. In the case of Johnson v. Smith, Mr. Johnson, a resident of London, purchased a new roof from a construction company owned by Mr. Smith. After completing the installation, Mr. Johnson discovered multiple leaks during the first rainstorm and claimed that the work was poorly done. He attempted to resolve the issue directly with Mr. Smith, but the company refused to fix the roof without additional payment. Consequently, Mr. Johnson filed a lawsuit against Mr. Smith in the County Court, seeking damages for the cost of repairs and associated losses. Question: What type of case is Johnson v. Smith likely to be classified as in the English courts?
Вопрос
The first step in starting a civil action in court is …
A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) …
In which court would you typically start a small claims action?
What must be included in a complaint?
Match the terms with their definitions:
Any party to the litigation may call a … to testify about the case.
The … is usually an assistant district attorney (state court cases) or assistant U.S. attorney (federal court cases).
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
All criminal offenses are technically considered statutory crimes since they are all prohibited by .…
Вопрос
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
In a negligence claim, which element must the plaintiff prove?
Match the term with its correct definition:
Order the following steps in a negligence claim:
Wilfred Phelps, age 65, is driving his Nissan Altima down Main Street when he suffers the first seizure (a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain) of his life. He loses control of his vehicle and runs into three people on the sidewalk. Which statement is true?
A … is someone who commits a tort, which is a civil wrong.
Other types of torts include assault, battery, false imprisonment, and .…
The term “…” pertains to a party’s neglect to fulfill their obligations or legal responsibilities towards another party.
… is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant’s wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff’s injury or damage.
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice’s lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice’s property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice’s property?
Вопрос
The primary element required to establish negligence is …
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
In a negligence case, the standard of care is generally measured against …
Match the tort with its basis of liability:
Match the tort to the plaintiff’s claim:
Order the steps in the process of filing a tort claim:
A person has a legal … to act in a way that does not cause harm to others.
If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a … of duty.
An … tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.
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… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.
… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.
The first in a criminal case typically is a(n) …
The primary source of law in a civil law system is …
Civil law concerns disputes between:
The branch of law that regulates relationships between different government branches is …
National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.
International law regulates relations between … and between private citizens of different countries.
Match the terms with their definitions:
Put the stages of criminal proceedings in the correct order:
Find a pair to make collocations:
In England, the legal profession is divided into two main types. These are:
The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is …
Barristers are known to be specialists in …
… law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations in civil matters.
The court that deals with minor criminal cases and some civil matters such as debts is the …
Match the court process with its description:
Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order
Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
Match the words with their definitions:
The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called …
Most civil claims in England are filed in the …
The term for the sum of money paid to the court to issue proceedings is …
In tort law, the person responsible for proving the elements of the case is called …
The main difference between tort law and criminal law is that the …
Match the words with their definitions:
Put the following steps in the correct order for filing a tort lawsuit:
The following is NOT a form of defamation …
… covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word.
Вопрос
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice.

Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.

Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system.

Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.

Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark’s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant’s.
Mark’s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it’s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I’m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.

Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?
Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved.

Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.

Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn’t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn’t going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It’s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That’s true. But don’t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I’m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we’ll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case – the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I’m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it’s not the most thrilling subject, but it’s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor’s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you’ll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I’m still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you’re going to make a great lawyer. Now let’s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let’s go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that’s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I’m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties – whether it’s one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it’s important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?